Summary about Disease
Norovirus infection, often mistakenly called "stomach flu" (though it is not related to influenza), is a highly contagious viral illness that causes gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It leads to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramping. While unpleasant, norovirus infection usually resolves within a few days.
Symptoms
Common symptoms of norovirus infection include:
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea (usually non-bloody)
Stomach cramping/pain
Fever (low-grade)
Headache
Body aches
Dehydration
Causes
Norovirus is caused by various strains of norovirus. The virus spreads through:
Consumption of contaminated food or water.
Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your mouth.
Direct contact with an infected person (e.g., sharing utensils, caring for someone who is sick).
Airborne particles of vomit or stool.
Medicine Used
There is no specific medicine to cure a norovirus infection. Treatment focuses on:
Rehydration: Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) like Pedialyte or sports drinks (diluted) are crucial to replace fluids and electrolytes lost through vomiting and diarrhea. In severe cases, intravenous (IV) fluids may be necessary.
Anti-emetics: Medications to reduce vomiting may be prescribed by a doctor in some cases, but are generally not necessary.
Anti-diarrheals: Medications to reduce diarrhea may be prescribed by a doctor in some cases, but are generally not necessary.
Rest: Getting adequate rest allows the body to recover. Important Note: Antibiotics are ineffective against norovirus, as it is a viral infection.
Is Communicable
Yes, norovirus is highly communicable. It spreads very easily from person to person, through contaminated surfaces, and via contaminated food or water. People are most contagious when they are experiencing symptoms but can also spread the virus for a short period after they recover.
Precautions
Frequent Handwashing: Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before eating or preparing food. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are less effective than soap and water against norovirus.
Food Safety: Rinse fruits and vegetables thoroughly. Cook shellfish properly.
Clean and Disinfect: Clean and disinfect surfaces that may be contaminated with vomit or stool using a bleach solution (5-25 tablespoons of household bleach per gallon of water).
Isolation: If you are sick, stay home from work or school to prevent spreading the virus. Avoid preparing food for others while you are sick and for at least 2 days after symptoms resolve.
Avoid Sharing: Do not share utensils, cups, or food with others, especially if they are sick.
Care with Soiled Linens: Carefully handle and wash any laundry that may be contaminated with vomit or stool. Wear gloves and wash hands thoroughly afterward.
How long does an outbreak last?
A norovirus infection typically lasts 1-3 days. Outbreaks in communities or institutions (like schools or nursing homes) can last longer, depending on how quickly control measures are implemented and how well they are followed.
How is it diagnosed?
Norovirus infection is usually diagnosed based on symptoms, particularly in the context of a known outbreak. A stool sample can be tested for the presence of norovirus RNA, but this is usually only done in cases where the diagnosis is uncertain or for public health surveillance.
Timeline of Symptoms
Incubation Period: 12-48 hours (time between exposure and onset of symptoms).
Symptom Duration: 1-3 days.
Contagious Period: From the onset of symptoms until at least 2 days after symptoms resolve. Some people may shed the virus for longer, even if they no longer have symptoms.
Important Considerations
Dehydration: Dehydration is the most significant risk associated with norovirus infection, especially in young children, older adults, and people with underlying health conditions.
Severe Symptoms: Seek medical attention if you experience severe dehydration, bloody stool, high fever, or are unable to keep down fluids.
Public Health: Report suspected outbreaks to local public health authorities to help prevent further spread.
Hand Hygiene: Emphasize handwashing, especially in food service settings, schools, and healthcare facilities.